Entitled "More company, better government," the program is inspired by a moderate liberalism and makes a message in the form of virtuous circle. A mantra repeated endlessly the conservative Mariano Rajoy, president of the Popular Party, which won an absolute majority in Sunday elections: change will generate trust, for growth and employment, which in turn will promote a return to financial balance.

Entrepreneurs appear to be the better off. Alone should benefit from tax cuts. For others, the austerity will be the rule.

As such, it must be remembered that the S & P is not his first "mistake". In early August, when the deterioration in the rating of the United States, the agency had already deceived 2,000 billion in the calculation of the federal debt.

This lack of reliability of the agency does not affect the market reaction.Thursday, shortly after the dissemination of this false information to 3:57 p.m., the French rate on loans to ten years amounted to 3.46%, bringing the pay gap with German bonds of similar duration to a record 166 points percentage not seen since the creation of the euro.

Everyone to understand that France will soon be degraded

This Friday, at the opening transaction, rates eased around 3.36%, but markets have learned their lesson. In exchange, everyone understood that in case of deterioration in the rating of France, synonymous with loss of the "triple A", the rates of government bonds with ten years showed 3.46%, or 3 , 5%. This would mean that in this case, France would borrow twice from Germany!

The shock is harsh, but it is ultimately not so dramatic as that. A 3.46 or 3.5% borrowing conditions in France remain reasonable.

Banks increasingly demanding

Although mortgage rates have been stagnant since June, after rising nearly 1% in one year, individuals always go into debt on attractive terms. It should thus be between 4 and 4.30% on average for a loan of twenty years (excluding insurance) to finance the purchase of a principal residence. And surely a little more to acquire a rental or vacation home.The deal could change and banks subject to significant pressures should increase credit rates. For now, they have tightened the conditions for granting.

Before embarking on the adventure of credit, it is important to calculate its borrowing capacity and identify any risks that may arise: What happens if the tenant does not pay the rent, for example? For it must also be able to reassure the banker, became much more demanding no faxing 1 hour payday loans. To get the best credit, the borrower will then forward its best profile. In arguing in particular that it is more ant grasshopper. Adjustments are sometimes necessary. "Some will just change their lifestyle before seeking a loan," suggests Philip Taboret, CEO of Cafpi. "They all result in consumer credit and other revolving credit.Allowing them to regain some ability to borrow, "he says.

While in 2010, real estate euphoria, some bankers had begun to lend to younger households, up to 110% of the purchase (including notary fees), the capital, possibly important, has again become indispensable. "The amount of the personal contribution makes the difference. A borrower with a significant contribution could lower its borrowing rate of at least 0.10%, "says Herve Hatt, CEO Meilleurtaux.com. More than ever, it is essential to shop around banks or go through a broker to get the best rate. "The spreads are widening between financial institutions. Those who have already achieved their annual targets to increase their loan rates, "says Hervé Hatt.Those who change their domicile bank will accept their wages in the lending institution. "It's part of the negotiation," says Philippe Taboret. And also helps lower the cost of financing. Like the loan insurance. Many institutions also offer credit schemes combining different loan durations (seven, ten, fifteen years old) or variable rates and fixed rates. They can help to reduce rates from 0.10 to 0.15%.

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• For the younger

The entry into the often marks the sixth acquisition (oh expected) of the first portable. For years college required a secure package, just to protect parents against any surprises. 30 minutes to one hour per month may be sufficient communication, especially as it is to call or be called by the parents.Young people who are not yet dependent, can be satisfied with a range of sms after school (between 17 hours and 21 hours). There is no need to take Internet access at this stage.

The proposal of Figaro: SFR Square Blocked Special under 18 € 14 per month for 30 minutes of calls (one hour of calls to numbers two parents) SMS Unlimited 5:00 p.m. to 9:00 p.m.

The alternative: Package Mini Secure Universal Mobile14, € 90 per month for 40 minutes of calls (30 minutes to two issues parents) unlimited SMS to 4:00 p.m. to 9:00 p.m.

• For adolescents

The high school course involves changes in telephony. Your teen may retain a pass blocked, but more generous (1 hour or 1h30 call).It calls for unlimited SMS, including weekends, and not framed in a time slot.

The proposal of Figaro: Universal Mobile18, € 90 for 1 hour 24 h/24 appelsSMS unlimited to all opérateursSMS "apl me" unlimited to be reminded even when their credit is épuiséFull Music, Universal Music best hits of the moment Download free MP3

The alternative: Post Mobile19 € moisForfait Blocked by Loyalty 1 hour of calls sms

• For students

No more blocked packages, the grown children are now able to manage their own subscription.We spend 2 hours of calls, SMS (always) unlimited to the Internet and especially mobile music options.

The proposal of Figaro: SFR Square Connect Spotify heures34 € 2 per month, 2 hours of unlimited appelsappels 7 / 7 and 24 h/24 to three numbers to choose from all opérateursSMS illimitésInternet13 million shares of Spotify to listen to unlimited pay day loans.

The alternative: Origami Style heures36 2 € per month, 2 hours of appelsSMS, MMSWi-Fi Orange illimitésInternet and visual voicemail, e-mails (3G + speed, stuck at 500 Mb) unlimited shared with three of your friends calls, unlimited SMS between you all, a formula that provides access to premium music service Deezer

• For adults

Young adults entering the workforce want access to unlimited SMS but mobile internet and unlimited calls on evenings and weekends.

The proposal of Figaro: Bouygues Telecom Néo.4 heures34 2, € 90 per month for 2 hours of calls + unlimited calls in the evening from 9:00 p.m. to 8:00 to fixed and mobile operators all Web, e-mails, SMS and MMS unlimited 24 h/24 and 7 / 7

The alternative: Virgin Mobile Collector Divine 5 Package 2 free issues heures39, € 90 per month with 2 hours of unlimited communication moisSMS 24 h/24 and 7 / 7 to all e-mails and opérateursInternet unlimited 24 h/24 and 7 j/7L user also receives 5 numbers Unlimited calls to all operators with the Divine plan Collector

• For pro superactive

Superactive, between work and the demands of family life, it's time to move on to the iPhone to manage its e-mails, calls, locate themselves with GPS, download applications.It is best to have an iPhone plan.

The proposal of Figaro: Orange Origami Star for iPhone heures69 5 € per month for 5 hours of calls and unlimited calls from 8:00 p.m. to 8:00 and the whole weekend to all mobile and fixed numbers métropolitains3 unlimited calls to all operators 7 / 7 and 24 h/24 in calls and SMS (unlimited shared between the three of you if they are Orange customers) SMS and MMS to all opérateursInternet + e-mails (including BlackBerry) unlimited 24 h/24 and 7 j/720 unlimited TV channels (3G + speed limit in excess of 2 GB per month)

The alternative: SFR Square 5 hours € 65 Web Unlimited 20 hours to 8 hours and weekend calls to all operators or operators all five numbers and unlimited 24 h/24 and 7 j/7SMS MMSInternet, e-mails illimitéL'usage Internet and e-mail is included in the formula up to 2 GB, beyond the flow is reduced.

The President of the General Council of Seine-Saint-Denis since 2007 fought first for his department. Claude Bartolone has discovered that he had contracted in 2008, led by Communists, many loans have become toxic. Thus, a debt of 953 million euros, the joint may have to pay a premium of about $ 300 million over the next ten years because of toxic loans contracted between 1997 and 2008."The equivalent of building a school year," criticizes Claude Bartolone. "And that amount could be even higher," said the MP. In fact, some of the loans contracted by the municipality are indexed to the Swiss franc and interest rates can reach 50% depending on the evolution of the franc.

Most disturbing is that the department of Seine-Saint-Denis (93) is not alone in this. MP PS refers to "hospitals, small towns or communes, departments, ports such as port of Le Havre" and "communes of all political stripes like Saint Etienne, Rouen, Saint Maur or Saint Tropez."

According to Claude Bartolone, "the total amount of toxic loans granted to public entities be around 15 billion euros of which would be 5 billion of potential losses low interest rate personal loans."

"Banks can not not pay"

MP PS is clearly concerned the role of banks. He said "they are responsible for the explosive situation in the French subprime" where thousands of municipalities are now over-indebted. Indeed, it is satisfied that they have not fulfilled their code of ethics. "They had a duty to inform and how their customers customized uninitiated" or the quest for profit seems to have guided more banks. Thus, the President of the General Council 93 filed a complaint against Dexia, Depfa and Calyon (Credit Agricole). The court should rule in October. But even Claude Bartolone said that "banks can not avoid paying." The MP also believes that "the whole chain has failed." The state has not applied a circular on the prohibition of structured products and regulatory authorities have also failed in their duty.A helping hand of the state can not be excluded.

Otherwise, "the local authorities would be forced to raise local taxes, reduce investment and jobs." And technically if the failure of a local community is not possible, it can be put under the tutelage of the state as was the case of Angouleme, said the chosen PS.

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The origin of this world first, as original as vending machines swimwear and sunglasses located at the entrance to the pools, is Jean-Louis Hecht.The baker was able to marry fifties vending, mainly industrial and bakery.

"Small steps slowly"

It all began in 2001 when the contractor completed the first prototype of its distributor, together with a technical school in Moselle. He suggested "small steps small steps" toward a machine patented by the company and assembly of industrial equipment Mecondielle Portuguese. The investment is huge for this baker without the cost of the assembly, the machine comes already at 30,000 euros. Then you would need two hundred and fifty hours of assembly.

The machine, the first of which is in commercial service since January in Moselle, in the other bakery owned by Jean-Louis Hecht, naturally allows to inflate sales, thanks to its opening hours."It is also a strong vehicle for promoting that is not gray at the bakery, says Jean-Louis Hecht no fax needed payday loans. On the contrary, this innovation is a service that complements the baker's trade but do not replace. "

He said it will become indispensable in France and abroad, because of the quality of the product offered and the economic viability extraordinary profits are 30% higher than the store, according to the contractor.

A solution for villages without trade

In Paris, the distributor already sells 80 sticks a day, and Jean-Louis Hecht look forward to go further. The entrepreneur wants to "make the most of" his idea and does not sell his patent. He thinks big and would like to extend it by buying several bakeries and industrial equipment, backed by the facade.

The baker has other ambitions for his vending machine.A consulting firm located in Portugal working on a version independent of any trade, which would be installed in remote locations such as villages, tourist resorts or passage.

With the unmistakable design of his machine, Jean-Louis Hecht even considering creating a string, which spread in the desert regions of all trade, to allow each person to have its traditional fresh baguette every day. He finally claims that his invention has international potential, in Europe or the United States, where consumers are fond of "French baguette."

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Rating agencies cultivate secrecy around these appointments called "rating committees." The heart of their power: analysts will decide the fate of nations by voting financial, away from the public on the future of the country note. No list of participants has not been released. However, the assessment can set the tone to the market.Law and internal regulations require many investors to buy or sell some of their shares according to the decisions of the trio of major Anglo-Saxon agencies Standard & Poor's, Moody's and Fitch.

The theory and practice

At the beginning of the procedure leading to the convening of a committee must be an event that could have an impact on the rating of a country, a new government or the publication of statistics. That's the theory. In practice, agencies are not locked in their ivory towers. "The noise of the markets or the hype, the phenomena of modes outside the agency also cause internal discussions that may cause the reopening of cases," says a former senior analyst at Moody's.

To prepare for a summit meeting, the analyst in charge of the target country meets members of the tax administration.Once or twice a year in general, often in a crisis. He did not have access to more information than large investors also regularly received by the authorities. Following a strict methodology and specific to each agency, he wrote a memo and draft a proposal for the "conf call." On the day, it will have to convince between 4 and 20 of his colleagues, a figure which varies depending on the size of the country but also … each holiday, a former gliding.

One man, one vote

One man, one vote: in principle, democratic rule prevails in rating committees. In practice, less glorious. Clan wars and other struggles for influence can disrupt the debate. As in any large company. "It can heat from analysts," says Pierre Cailleteau, ex-head of sovereign ratings at Moody's, now adviser at Lazard.For example, he says, "we were very divided about Greece last year. We had some very important debates internally. "Moody's, which was the first to lower the rating of Athens in 2009, then sharply deteriorated four notches, out of season.

In case of disagreement, how to find a majority? Standard & Poor's has found the solution: the committees are always in odd numbers. Then the strict methodology of the agency under discussion. And, theoretically, the great leader is there to calm things down. "In some cases, the director may have a strong grip on the committee," says Norbert Gaillard, specialist rating agencies *. Analysts may come under pressure, admits to spell Pierre Cailleteau: "We arrived during the session to ask an analyst to reconsider its vote, given the dominant position on the committee."Moody's, the bylaws stipulates, however, to limit the pressure, the lowest in the hierarchy and a vote in the first analyst to appeal a decision.

Subjective criteria

Still, the year-end bonus are set by the Area Manager, at Moody's in particular. The criteria are multiple, subjective: the variable compensation of an analyst depends on the work of presenting and representing the firm on the outside, the frequency of updating of countries covered, or the level of the analyst. "There are good and less good," says Pierre Cailleteau, which concluded: "It is I who stood out on bonuses." Moody's says

The former analyst, who left his practice in 2008, said: "The reports became confrontational, the atmosphere would grow over the independence of opinion. This is one reason I left. "And asks: "Given the importance given to them, is it not problematic that the agencies do not communicate about the independence of their analysts?"

In the end, the committee's decision is published, with an argument, in a press release. But no mention of voting results, the agencies do not want to reveal internal divisions. We do not know if the note of the United States has been lowered with a broad consensus. Or with a voice apart.

Agencies to staff shortages

"Agencies do not have the resources corresponding to the importance of financial regulations and investors give them-and they give themselves," lamented a former Moody's. Standard & Poor's, the largest agency in the world, the Wall Street Journal has only 70 to 80 analysts, juniors and seniors, covering 126 countries.Result, "every senior analyst is responsible for an average of 6 to 10 countries, shows the former analyst. When I was at the International Monetary Fund, an economist focused exclusively on one country. "

Same thing during visits to the Ministries of Finance of the State. Former Moody's drives the point home: "At the IMF, the missions are conducted on site by five and last 15 days. Moody's, we were two, and the visit lasted two to three days. "In Fitch's rating committees collect a minimum of four analysts. At most, 20 people participated, but it is very rare. Contacted by lefigaro.fr, Moody's would not say how many senior analysts it employs.

Rating agencies could afford to recruit: profitability is very high. Moody's expects a gross margin between 38 and 40% in 2011.The past year, Fitch was more than half of revenues (58%) and the Standard & Poor's to 43% on the only first three months of 2011.

* Norbert Gaillard is the author of "The rating agencies", Éditions La Découverte, 2010

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On Wednesday, the Cac 40 dropped 1.93% to 3454.94 points, after the yield spreads between bonds to ten years Spanish and Italian have widened compared to German bonds.

Financial markets, however, could play the card of caution pending the meeting of the Board of Governors of the European Central Bank (13.45), which is expected to announce its continued interest rate to 1.50% but especially before the publication of weekly claims for unemployment benefits in the United States (1430), on the eve of the official figures on Friday.

On the corporate side, two companies released this morning:

Veolia Environnement, which warned last Friday that it would not achieve its goals for this year, released on Thursday a net loss of 67.2 million euros in the first half, weighed down by exceptional asset write-downs 800 million euros.The world leader in environmental services will focus its activities "in less than 40 countries in 2013 against 77 today."

However, Axa reported first half net profit more than quadrupled to 3.99 billion ers (324%), driven by gains on sale and very little affected by provisions related to the support plan to Greece.

Vinci said Wednesday QDVC, its joint venture with Qatari fund, won a contract for 374 million euros for a metro project for a new town being built in Qatar.

Vilmorin has confirmed its margin target of 2010-2011 by announcing an increase of 12.1% of its turnover for the year, thanks to the vegetable business, along with the acquisition of assets and maize seed and sorghum Brasmilho of Brazilian society.

Hermès responded Wednesday to the Association of Defence of Minority Shareholders (Adam), who asked why the luxury group spent so much money to buy back its own shares. "Share repurchases are intended to cover the programs free shares to employees," said a spokeswoman for Hermes.

Cegedim dropped its goal of increasing revenue for 2011 but remains confident in its ability to generate an EBIT close in absolute value, that of 2010. The group also announced Wednesday for the second quarter of 2011, a consolidated turnover of 247.1 million euros (+1.6% as reported and 0.1% organic).

Dexia and Natixis will publish their second quarter results after market close.

All sectors – including industry, banking and insurance, engineering and computer science – driven by the development of their business will be affected and graduates will for once not forgotten. "This dynamic is explained by that of business investment, which has a positive trend over the last 12 months," explains Jacky Chatelain, the director general of APEC payday advances.

The employment guidelines issued by APEC in June has also remained well oriented. At 48,307, it rose by 52% over the same month last year.Year over year, the trend is even more significant: + 67% to 461 366 job postings. A new record. All functions are sought, with a prize for technical professions (purchasing, logistics, maintenance, security …) which rose 80% year on year. Then the number of positions in IT, which jumped 71%.

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